The delivery of different services through the internet, including data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software. Cloud computing eliminates the need for owning physical data centers and servers, and allows for faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.

The process of moving data, applications, or other business elements from an organization’s onsite computers to the cloud, or moving them from one cloud environment or provider to another.

The set of control-based safeguards and technology protection designed to protect resources stored online from leakage, theft, or data loss. Protection strategies include securing data transfers, auditing, and ensuring data privacy.

A computing environment that combines a public cloud and a private cloud by allowing data and applications to be shared between them. This gives businesses greater flexibility to scale up and down in response to workload changes and offer more deployment options.

A form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. This is one of the layers in the cloud computing model, among PaaS (platform as a service) and SaaS (software as a service).

A type of cloud computing service that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app.

Refers to a model of cloud computing where IT services are provisioned over private IT infrastructure for the dedicated use of a single organization. A private cloud is usually managed via internal resources.

A type of cloud computing where services are delivered over the public internet and available to anyone who wants to purchase them. They are shared infrastructures that provide services to multiple clients.

A software distribution model in which a service provider hosts applications for customers and makes them available to these customers via the internet.

Any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient. The event is not necessarily caused by the treatment.

A research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These trials aim to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease.

In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that does receive the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works.

An independent group of experts who monitor patient safety and treatment efficacy data while a clinical trial is ongoing.

A study in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This method is utilized to prevent bias in research results.

In clinical trials, an event or outcome that can be measured objectively to determine whether the intervention being studied is beneficial. The endpoints of a clinical trial are usually included in the study objectives.

An international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects.

A process in which a participant voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular trial, after having been informed of all aspects of the trial that are relevant to the decision to participate.

A group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.

These are the different stages of clinical trials that drugs and medical devices must go through before they are approved by regulatory authorities.

An inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value. In clinical trials, experimental treatments are often compared with placebos to assess the treatment’s effectiveness.

A plan that presents the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial.

A method based on chance by which study participants are assigned to a treatment group. Randomization minimizes the differences among groups by equally distributing people with particular characteristics among all the trial arms.

An adverse event that results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or extends a current hospital stay, results in an ongoing or significant incapacity or interferes substantially with normal life functions.

In Java, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program’s instructions. Exception handling is a powerful mechanism to handle runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be maintained.

It is an automatic memory management feature in Java. It frees up the memory space by automatically deleting objects that are no longer in use in a Java application.

A Java API that manages connecting to a database, executing commands and queries, and retrieving results. It allows Java programs to interact with any SQL-compliant database.

A software development environment used for developing Java applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (javadoc), and other tools needed in Java development.

It is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), a bundle of software that you can use to develop Java-based software. The Java Runtime Environment provides the minimum requirements for executing a Java application.

A technology that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, or other document types.

A GUI widget toolkit for Java. It includes built-in widgets for complex components like trees, tables, and text areas to simple buttons and menus.

The Java platform’s component technology. A JavaBean is a specially constructed Java class written in the Java and serialized to a byte stream on request.

A software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as well as rich Internet applications that can run across a wide variety of devices.

A component of the runtime environment that improves the performance of Java applications by compiling bytecodes to native machine code at runtime.

A core concept of Java programming where a single copy of a program’s code can be used by several different processes at the same time. This enables the processing of multiple tasks simultaneously within the program.

A programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields, and code, in the form of procedures.

Java programming language classes that provide request and response-oriented services in the web tier. Servlets can be used to extend the capabilities of servers that host applications accessed via a request-response programming model.

A brief summary of a research study, review, or article that highlights the major points covered, including the purpose of the study, the design, the findings, and the conclusions. It’s a condensed version of the full piece of work.

A document that provides a comprehensive description of the design, methods, and results of a clinical trial. It is meant to be a standalone document that fully discloses the study findings without reference to other documents.

The process of reviewing and making sense of data, often presented in the form of graphs, tables, or charts. In the context of medical writing, this could involve interpreting statistical data from clinical trials or research studies.

A document that is given to potential trial participants explaining the study’s purpose, duration, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives in easy-to-understand language. It’s a part of the ethical conduct of clinical trials to ensure participants are fully aware of their involvement and its potential impact.

A comprehensive document summarizing the clinical and non-clinical data relating to an investigational product. It’s used in a clinical trial and provides potential investigators with the information about the rationale and the background for the trial.

An original copy of a work (such as an article or a thesis) before it has been published. For a medical writer, this could be a research paper ready to be submitted to a medical or scientific journal.

These are documents or resources created to educate patients about their health, medical conditions, treatments, or clinical trials. These materials aim to improve patients’ understanding and encourage better health outcomes.

A document that describes the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial. The protocol should provide the information to understand the trial’s conduct and to verify the study’s data.

These are documents that are required by regulatory bodies. They cover a broad range of areas, including clinical trial applications, marketing authorization applications, and periodic safety update reports.

A set of step-by-step instructions created by a company to help employees carry out complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output, and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and non-compliance with industry regulations.

A harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen, or withdrawal of the product.

A document that provides detailed information about an individual patient case, including patient details, adverse event information, drug information, and details about the reporter.

MedWatch is the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) program for reporting serious reactions, product quality problems, therapeutic inequivalence/failure, and product use errors with human medical products, including drugs, biologics, devices, and dietary supplements.

A pharmacovigilance document intended to provide an evaluation of the risk-benefit balance of a medicinal product at defined time points after its authorization.

The study of the uses and effects of drugs in well-defined populations. It provides data to direct, implement and evaluate interventions that improve the quality and safety of medication use.

This is the practice of monitoring the safety of a pharmaceutical drug or medical device after it has been released on the market and is an important part of the science of pharmacovigilance.

A detailed description of the activities and interventions designed to identify, characterize, prevent, or minimize risks relating to medicinal products, including the assessment of the effectiveness of those interventions.

The balance between the positive therapeutic effects of an intervention against the negative effects. The objective is to determine whether or not a product is safe and effective for the patient population and the individual patient.

In pharmacovigilance, signal detection refers to the extraction of new safety findings from a dataset of adverse event reports. A ‘signal’ is often the first indicator of a previously unknown adverse reaction, leading to regulatory actions such as changes to product labels.

A voluntary reporting scheme in which health professionals or patients can report any adverse reactions experienced from using a medicine. It forms the cornerstone of pharmacovigilance and allows the detection of potential safety signals.

A system for collecting information from both health professionals and the public on suspected side effects or ADRs to a medicine. Managed by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK.

This is the interior area (or “elbow pit”) of the elbow where veins are close to the skin surface and are usually selected for venipuncture. It is often the preferred site for blood draw.

A substance that prevents the clotting (coagulation) of blood. When blood is collected in tubes for testing, an anticoagulant is often present to maintain the sample in its liquid state.

A laboratory test in which blood is injected into bottles with nutrient media to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that may be in the blood. It’s often used to find infections that are spreading through the bloodstream.

A type of needle often used for venipuncture. It is small, thin, and has flexible “wings” that allow for greater control.

A technique used to obtain a blood sample for testing. This method involves puncturing the skin (often on a fingertip) and collecting a small amount of blood into a capillary tube. It’s commonly used for glucose testing.

This refers to the size of a needle’s diameter. In phlebotomy, a lower gauge number indicates a wider needle.

A swelling of blood within tissues that occurs when a blood vessel wall is damaged and blood leaks into the surrounding area. In phlebotomy, this can happen if the needle goes through a vein or the tourniquet is left on too long.

The rupture or destruction of red blood cells which leads to the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid. In lab testing, it can be caused by improper handling or processing of the blood specimen.

The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements.

The liquid portion of blood obtained after coagulation. It’s essentially plasma without the clotting factors. Serum is often used in various types of medical tests.

A device used to inject or withdraw fluids. In phlebotomy, a syringe might be used to draw blood, especially when veins are too small for a regular needle.

A device, often a narrow band or tube, that’s used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity to restrict blood flow. In phlebotomy, a tourniquet is applied to the upper arm to fill veins with blood and make them easier to locate.

A brand of blood collection tubes that are commonly used in phlebotomy. The tube is evacuated to create a vacuum which draws a predetermined volume of blood into the tube.

The puncture of a vein as part of a medical procedure, typically to withdraw a blood sample or for an intravenous injection. This is the primary duty of a phlebotomist.

A type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. It details the start and finish dates of the project’s terminal elements and summary elements. Gantt Charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and the current schedule status.

This refers to the sequence of phases that a project goes through from its initiation to its closure. The names and numbers of these stages can vary based on the organization, but a common sequence is initiation, planning, execution, and closure.

These are specific points along a project timeline. They mark important events and checkpoints and provide a high-level view of the project’s progress. Project milestones are usually set in the project planning phase and can indicate the end of a key phase, a point when a key deliverable is due, etc.

The part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, features, functions, tasks, deadlines, and, ultimately, costs. In other words, it is what needs to be achieved and the work that must be done to deliver a project.

This involves identifying, assessing, and managing risks to the success of a project. It’s an essential part of project management as it helps to ensure that any potential problems are identified early and can be dealt with before they become critical issues.

Any individual, group, or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project. Stakeholders can be both within and outside the organization that is conducting the project, and may include employees, clients, shareholders, suppliers, communities, and governments.

In Python, a decorator is a feature that allows the modification of functions or classes. It’s used to wrap another function, extending the behavior of the wrapped function without permanently modifying it.

A high-level Python web framework that enables the rapid development of secure and maintainable websites. Django emphasizes reusability and pluggability of components, rapid development, and the principle of DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself).

A lightweight web application framework for Python. It’s designed to make getting started quick and easy, with the ability to scale up to complex applications. It simplifies the process of building web applications.

These are a type of iterable, like lists or tuples. Unlike lists, they don’t allow indexing with arbitrary indices, but they can still be iterated through with for loops. They are created using functions and the yield statement.

This refers to the Python interpreter, which is a program that reads and executes Python code. This can refer to the Python interpreter in a command-line context (e.g., CPython) or in an integrated development environment.

An open-source web application that allows the creation and sharing of documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text. Jupyter Notebooks are widely used in data analysis, machine learning, statistics, and academic research.

A compact way to process all or part of the elements in a sequence and return a list with the results. It’s a stylistic construct that Python offers for transforming and filtering lists.

A Python library that provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

An open-source data analysis and manipulation library for Python. It provides data structures and functions needed to manipulate structured data, including functions for reading and writing data in a variety of formats.

The standard package manager for Python. It provides a way to install, upgrade, and remove Python packages and their dependencies.

A set of Python modules designed for writing video games. Pygame adds functionality on top of the excellent SDL library, allowing you to create fully featured games and multimedia programs in the Python language.

The library that is distributed with Python. It contains many modules that provide tools for a wide variety of tasks, such as reading and writing files, connecting to network servers, reading internet protocols, etc.

A free and open-source Python library used for scientific computing and technical computing. SciPy contains modules for optimization, linear algebra, integration, interpolation, special functions, FFT, signal and image processing, ODE solvers, and other tasks common in science and engineering.

This is a method of software testing where the functionality of an application is tested without looking into the internal code structure, implementation details, and knowledge of internal paths of the software. This testing is usually functional and is based on the software requirements and specifications.

A document that details the unexpected behavior of a program or software. It typically includes information about what the problem is, where it occurs, and how to reproduce it.

This is the process of tracking the logged defects in a product from beginning to closure and making new versions of the product that fix the defects.

A type of testing which verifies that each function of the software application operates in conformance with the requirement specification. This testing mainly involves black-box testing, and it is not concerned about the source code of the

Testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements. It is generally conducted to understand how a system performs under a particular workload.

The maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product, especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production.

The process of ensuring a software product meets the established standards of quality including reliability, usability, and performance.

The process of testing changes to computer programs to make sure that the older programming still works with the new changes.

This involves testing the basic and critical functionalities of an application to ensure they are working fine. It is typically conducted before conducting detailed and rigorous testing.

The process of using software separate from the software being tested to control the execution of tests and the comparison of actual outcomes with predicted outcomes.

A specification of the inputs, execution conditions, testing procedure, and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular testing objective.

A detailed document that outlines the test strategy, testing objectives, resources (manpower, software, hardware) required for testing, test schedule, Test Estimation, and test deliverables.

A collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviors.

The last phase of software testing where the real users use the software to confirm the system works as expected and meets their needs.

This is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application based on the internal structures of the running program. In this type of testing, the tester is aware of the internal workings of the system.

A statistical tool used to distinguish between process variation resulting from common causes and variation resulting from special causes. It helps monitor the stability or instability of the process.

Steps taken to eliminate the causes of an existing nonconformity or other undesirable situation in order to prevent recurrence.

A statistical methodology that can be used in both the planning and analysis stages of an experiment to evaluate multiple variables and their effect on the outcome.

A step-by-step approach for identifying all possible failures in a design, a manufacturing or assembly process, or a product or service.

An international standard that sets out the criteria for a quality management system (QMS). It is based on a number of quality management principles including a strong customer focus, the involvement of top management, a process approach and continual improvement.

A managerial concept combining Lean and Six Sigma that results in the elimination of the seven kinds of wastes within an organization: Transportation, Inventory, Motion, Waiting, Overproduction, Over-Processing, and Defects.

A type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line

Statistical measures of a system’s ability to produce output within specification limits. Cp and Cpk consider the average and variation of a process relative to the specification limits.

The maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product, especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production.

The process of ensuring a software product meets the established standards of quality including reliability, usability, and performance.

A formalized system that documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives.

A method of quality control which uses statistical methods to monitor and control a process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste.

A management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. TQM focuses on the continuous improvement of processes and includes all members of an organization, from employees to upper management.

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